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Ledger Bitcoin app

Open-source Bitcoin application running on Ledger devices; the device OS is outside this repository.

BitcoinHardware walletsNormal
Repository coverage

374 commits in the local evidence base

Every captured commit receives deterministic security triage and a separate communication-quality score. Security candidates and broader second-pass signals receive full-patch Ollama analysis.

101security candidates144second-pass queue345AI analyses
40commits · 30 days
95commits · 60 days
233commits · 180 days
370commits · 365 days
Backfill bands
Aug 5 → Feb 670 seen8 candidatesComplete
Feb 6 → Jun 6149 seen21 candidatesComplete
Jun 6 → Jul 623 seen0 candidatesComplete
Jul 6 → Aug 555 seen5 candidatesComplete
Commit communication

Does the history explain itself?

Message quality measures whether a commit identifies its scope, purpose, rationale, testing, and supporting references. It does not change the security-severity score.

54/100 average clarity
22Strong · 80–100
117Adequate · 60–79
177Thin · 40–59
58Opaque · 0–39
6security candidates with opaque commit messaging
Read the scoring rubric →
Developer activity

Who is changing the project?

Public Git author strings; identities are not independently verified.

DeveloperCommitsCandidatesAnalyzedHigh riskMessage avg.
Salvatore Ingala23271205658
Ilya Artemov962696145
Aymeric Robert434063
github-actions[bot]17117046
Mathias BROUSSET16015038
José Luis Landabaso Díaz404067
iartemov-ledger201051
Cerberus Merlin101062
Michael Evans101073
Charles-Edouard de la Vergne101045
Analysis record

Published AI watches

Last scanned 33 minutes ago

Low 37 AI analysisMessage 58 · Thin
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Merge pull request #569 from LedgerHQ/client-fixes

This commit fixes how Ledger's Bitcoin client libraries convert older PSBTv0 transaction data into the newer PSBTv2 format that Ledger hardware wallets expect. The changes correct several field-handling bugs: the transaction locktime is no…

PSBTv0-to-v2 conversion bug fixesMissing input sequence defaulted to 0xffffffff (final sequence)Locktime assigned to transaction object instead of PSBT object
034b9d04by Salvatore Ingala+368−85911 files
No security note in commit
Informational 24 AI analysisMessage 65 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

python client: use default value for nSequence if not given

This commit fixes a small bug in the Python helper library that builds unsigned Bitcoin transactions from PSBT data. Previously, if a PSBT did not explicitly include a per-input sequence number, the code would crash with an assertion error…

Behavioral change in transaction serialization helperRemoves an assertion that could cause crashes on valid PSBTs missing optional sequence fieldsAligns implementation with BIP-370 and HWI upstream behavior
2bf0eed6by Salvatore Ingala+3−21 file
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 60 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Bump ledger_bitcoin_client version to 0.7.0

This commit only updates a version number from 0.6.2 to 0.7.0 in two Rust package files. It is a routine bookkeeping change because the public interface of the PSBT module changed, requiring a minor version bump under semantic versioning r…

cfb530b9by Salvatore Ingala+2−22 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 83 · Strong
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

js tests: drop a bogus required height locktime of 0 from test PSBTs

This commit only changes hardcoded test data used in JavaScript unit tests. It removes an invalid zero-value locktime field from two PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction) test fixtures so they conform to the BIP-370 standard. No prod…

ec992074by Salvatore Ingala+6−32 files
No security note in commit
Low 48 AI analysisMessage 95 · Strong
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

python client: fix three PSBTv2 defects in psbt.py

This commit fixes three bugs in a Python helper that converts modern PSBTv2 transaction data into the older PSBTv0 format used by Ledger hardware wallets. The bugs could silently corrupt the transaction's lock time and version fields durin…

Silent data corruption in transaction serialization (nLockTime, tx_version, fallback_locktime)PSBTv2 to PSBTv0 conversion path affectedPotential for producing an unsigned transaction that does not match the PSBT's declared fields
04ba9e7bby Salvatore Ingala+6−31 file
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

rust client: build PSBTv2 maps from all pairs, not an enumerated list

This commit refactors how the Ledger Bitcoin app's Rust client converts a PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction) from version 0 to version 2. Previously, the code manually listed every PSBT field it knew how to serialize, which risked…

Refactor of PSBT serialization path used before signing on hardware walletRemoval of hand-maintained field enumeration that could omit or mis-serialize PSBT fieldsAddition of explicit error handling for PSBTs containing pre-existing v2 keys that conflict with v0 transaction data
a16bb101by Salvatore Ingala+344−8484 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 38 · Opaque
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Version bump to v2.5.1

This commit is a routine version bump from 2.5.0 to 2.5.1 for the Ledger Bitcoin app. It only updates the changelog and Makefile version number. No code changes are present in the diff, and no security fixes or vulnerabilities are describe…

e7618c98by Ilya Artemov+5−42 files
No security note in commit
Low 27 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Merge pull request #546 from LedgerHQ/simplify_ast

This commit is a large internal refactoring of the Ledger Bitcoin app's wallet-policy parser. It replaces compact 'relative pointers' with ordinary memory pointers in the abstract syntax tree (AST) used to represent Bitcoin wallet descript…

Large-scale memory-layout refactoring of security-critical parserRemoval of custom relative-pointer abstraction, eliminating a class of offset-calculation bugsIncrease in policy buffer size limits and key-info length limits
efee9c25by Salvatore Ingala+412−55812 files
No security note in commit
Low 37 AI analysisMessage 85 · Strong
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Increase MAX_POLICY_KEY_INFO_LEN to the actual maximum; nits from PR review

This commit fixes a size limit in the Ledger Bitcoin app that was too small. The app uses this limit when registering Bitcoin wallet policies (descriptions of how to spend coins). The old limit underestimated how long a key description can…

Buffer/limit size correction for key origin infoRemoval of unused ledger_assert.h includeComment-only updates to serialized wallet policy length bounds
afd42b6dby Salvatore Ingala+5−61 file
No security note in commit
Low 32 AI analysisMessage 68 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Merge pull request #556 from LedgerHQ/mem_opt

This commit removes an old memory workaround in Ledger's Bitcoin app. Previously, a large data structure used during transaction signing was stored in global memory instead of on the function's stack, because some Ledger devices were thoug…

Memory allocation model changed for high-risk signing pathStack-size build-time guard changed for Nano XGlobal cache removed; signing state now lives on stack
3aa53954by Salvatore Ingala+9−275 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Merge pull request #558 from LedgerHQ/embit_private

This commit simply renames an internal Python package from `embit` to `_embit` (a common convention indicating it is private/implementation detail) and updates all import statements accordingly. There is no functional code change and no se…

d438dd03by Salvatore Ingala+7−731 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 61 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Merge pull request #559 from LedgerHQ/parse_unhardened

This update fixes a boundary bug in how the Ledger Bitcoin app parses wallet policies that use multi-path key expressions like /<M;N>/*. The app was supposed to reject hardened (high-security) derivation indexes, but it incorrectly allowed…

Boundary condition error: hardened derivation index 0x80000000 accepted as unhardenedWallet policy parser validation bypass in multi-path key expressionsRegression unit test added for hardened boundary rejection
96e999feby Salvatore Ingala+49−298 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 60 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Label unsigned constants in constants.h

This commit only adds 'U' suffixes to numeric constants in a header file and makes a few matching type adjustments in C source files so the code still compiles cleanly with strict compiler warnings. It is a code-quality cleanup, not a secu…

e1fcefb4by Salvatore Ingala+27−276 files
No security note in commit
Low 25 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Pin @bitcoinerlab/descriptors to v3.1.7

This commit changes a JavaScript package dependency from allowing any compatible 3.x version of @bitcoinerlab/descriptors to a fixed, exact version (3.1.7). Pinning a dependency is often done to prevent unexpected future changes, but the c…

Dependency version pinningNo explicit security claim in commit messageNo code-level security fix visible in diff
6262d104by Salvatore Ingala+101−122 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 60 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Reject 0x80000000 as an unhardened step in wallet policy parsing

This commit fixes a boundary-check bug in how the Ledger Bitcoin app parses wallet policies (BIP-388). The app was supposed to reject any hardened derivation step in a specific range expression, but it allowed the value 2147483648 (0x80000…

Off-by-one boundary check in BIP-388 wallet policy parsingForbidden hardened derivation index accepted as unhardenedPotential failure or incorrect behavior in address derivation and signing
44f98a0eby Salvatore Ingala+2−21 file
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 47 AI analysisMessage 60 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Add regression test for unhardened derivation step parsing

This commit only adds a new regression test to the Bitcoin app's test suite. The test checks that wallet policy key expressions reject a specific boundary value (2147483648, the first 'hardened' child index) where only 'unhardened' values …

Regression test for hardened/unhardened derivation index boundary parsingCommit message states older version accepted 0x80000000 as unhardenedNo production code change in this commit
ce2c25c6by Salvatore Ingala+20−01 file
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 65 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Mark vendored embit clone 'private' in python client

This commit simply renames a vendored (internally bundled) copy of the 'embit' library inside the Python client from `embit` to `_embit`. The leading underscore is a Python convention meaning 'private/internal use only.' No code behavior c…

141e88f2by Salvatore Ingala+7−731 files
No security note in commit
Low 33 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Delete the hash context before return in compute_rand_i_j

This commit adds a memory wipe of a cryptographic hash context after it is used to derive a secret random value in the Ledger Bitcoin app's MuSig multi-signature code. The change is described by the developer as a 'defense-in-depth' measur…

explicit_bzero added to clear sensitive cryptographic contextMuSig signing randomness treated as sensitive after partial signatures are knownDefense-in-depth memory hygiene patch
121a18ceby Salvatore Ingala+3−01 file
Vendor flagged security relevance
Moderate 67 AI analysisMessage 65 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Harden count_distinct_keys_info to correctly count the used keys

This commit fixes a bug in Ledger's Bitcoin app that could let a wallet policy slip through registration even when it contained unused or out-of-range public keys. The old code simply looked at the highest key index referenced in the walle…

Logic flaw in wallet policy validationPotential bypass of internal-key ownership check via unused key slotsBounds checking added for key indices
d94c51a2by Salvatore Ingala+52−124 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 44 AI analysisMessage 73 · Adequate
LD LedgerLedger Bitcoin app BitcoinHardware wallets

Reject registering wallet policies with pubkeys not on the curve

This commit adds an early safety check in the Ledger Bitcoin app. Before registering a new wallet policy, the app now verifies that each public key is a valid point on the Bitcoin elliptic curve. Previously, an invalid public key would onl…

Input validation added for cryptographic public key pointsInvalid curve points now rejected at wallet registration time rather than deferred to address derivationUse of standard status word SW_INCORRECT_DATA for malformed input
d0c47c7aby Salvatore Ingala+9−01 file
No security note in commit
Repository ledger

Explore captured commits

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Security candidateMove some duplicated mocking code to headersby Salvatore Ingala · 3ac25325 · May 19, 2026 · 15 filesMessage 70 · AdequateInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Move some duplicated mocking code to headers

These lines where was also confusing gcov coverage measurements;
this should address it.

70/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides an explanatory body✓ Mentions testing or verification
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit is a routine cleanup of the project's unit-test code. It removes duplicate mock implementations of a small helper function called `pic()` from 14 test files and places a single shared version in a mock header. The change only affects test code, not the actual Ledger Bitcoin app that runs on devices. The commit message says the cleanup was done to fix confusing code-coverage measurements. There is no indication this fixes a security vulnerability or changes how the app behaves.

Security candidateAdditional unit testsby Salvatore Ingala · e130db4d · May 19, 2026 · 6 filesMessage 73 · AdequateInformational 12Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Additional unit tests

This reaches 100% coverage, except a few lines that can't be
covered (either gcov artifacts, or non-reachable code because of
defense-in-depth checks).

73/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Explains rationale or failure mode✓ Mentions testing or verification
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Informational 12/100

This commit only adds new unit tests to the Ledger Bitcoin app. It does not change any production code, so it cannot introduce a security vulnerability or fix one directly. The tests exercise edge cases and adversarial inputs for functions that handle Merkle-tree preimages and BIP32 derivation extraction, which helps confirm existing defensive checks reject malformed data.

Security candidateNits from reviewby Salvatore Ingala · 9e23b56d · May 19, 2026 · 6 filesMessage 28 · OpaqueInformational 12Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Nits from review

28/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change! No meaningful explanatory body! Opaque security-relevant change
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Informational 12/100

This commit is a small cleanup following a code review. It updates comments, adds safety checks to a test-only mock function, increases a test mock queue size, and adds a missing standard header include. None of the changes affect the real device firmware's security behavior.

Security candidateAdd utilities to parse serialized PSBTs and mock its maps; added unit tests for extract_bip32_derivationby Salvatore Ingala · e7453297 · May 19, 2026 · 7 filesMessage 60 · AdequateInformational 14Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Add utilities to parse serialized PSBTs and mock its maps; added unit tests for extract_bip32_derivation

60/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Mentions testing or verification! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
secret or key materialsigning boundarycryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 14/100

This commit only adds new unit-test helper code and test cases. It does not change the actual Ledger Bitcoin app that runs on the device, nor does it fix or alter any production security logic. The new files parse PSBT data and mock dispatcher responses so developers can test the existing `extract_bip32_derivation` function in isolation. Nothing here is shipped to users or reachable by an attacker.

Security candidateImprove signing performance in case of several internal keysby Salvatore Ingala · 1d2a4341 · May 11, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 73 · AdequateInformational 13Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Improve signing performance in case of several internal keys

Instead of structuring the sign_transaction and (musig2 pubnonces)
functions as iterating:

for all internal keys:
for all inputs:
<do stuff>

we reverse the nested loop to:

for all inputs
for all internal keys:
<do stuff>

This avoids processing all the psbt keys for the inputs once for
every key placeholder (running it instead once per input), with
no functional change.

73/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 13/100

This commit is a performance optimization for the Ledger Bitcoin app. It reorders nested loops in two signing-related functions so that the app reads each transaction input's data once and then processes all relevant internal keys, rather than re-reading the input data once per key. The commit message and diff show no functional change—only a reduction in redundant work.

Security candidateEnsure the version of the transaction is 2 for all e2e testsby Salvatore Ingala · 0dd48467 · May 7, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 83 · StrongInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Ensure the version of the transaction is 2 for all e2e tests

Some of the psbts generated in the test suite had nVersion = 1,
which made combinepsbt fail (since changing the nVersion results
in a different sighash).

83/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Mentions testing or verification
Why it was queued
signing boundary
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit only changes automated test files. It forces the test transactions to use Bitcoin transaction version 2 so that a test helper called combinepsbt works correctly. There is no change to the actual Ledger app code that users run, and no security fix or vulnerability is present in the diff.

Security candidatePartition sign_psbt.c into smaller submodulesby Salvatore Ingala · 64c53b1a · Apr 24, 2026 · 28 filesMessage 60 · AdequateInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Partition sign_psbt.c into smaller submodules

Also, updated the copyright notices, or added where missing.

60/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides an explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarycryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit is a large but purely structural code cleanup: it splits the single large sign_psbt.c file into many smaller, focused source files under src/handler/sign_psbt/. The actual logic, function bodies, validation checks, and security-sensitive operations appear to be moved verbatim into the new modules, with only minor header/include adjustments and copyright-notice updates. There is no indication of a behavior change, bug fix, or security patch.

Security candidatePartition init_global_state into smaller functionsby Salvatore Ingala · b0b6a1ad · Apr 24, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 73 · AdequateInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Partition init_global_state into smaller functions

Parsing the APDU, loading and verifying the wallet policy, and
parsing the global psbt map can be separated into independent
functions for simplicity.

73/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit is a straightforward internal code cleanup: it splits one large function into three smaller, well-documented helper functions and moves one data field into a shared state structure. There is no change to what the code checks, accepts, or rejects. It does not fix a bug or add a security feature.

Security candidateAdd account context struct in sign_psbtby Salvatore Ingala · b7061e13 · Apr 24, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 45 · ThinInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Add account context struct in sign_psbt

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit is a straightforward internal code cleanup in Ledger's Bitcoin app. It groups several pieces of wallet-policy data into a new 'account context' structure and updates all references accordingly. There is no change to how transactions are validated, signed, or shown to the user, and no security bug is fixed or introduced in the visible diff.

Security candidateParse unknown yielded tags in python client for sign_psbtby Salvatore Ingala · 027541a4 · Apr 23, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 73 · AdequateInformational 19Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Parse unknown yielded tags in python client for sign_psbt

This allows future-proofing the client by returning an explicit
unknown yielded value (that can safely be logged/ignored) instead
of returning an incorrect enormous 'input index'.

The Rust client uses the same approach.

73/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context
Why it was queued
signing boundary
AI analysis · Informational 19/100

This is a small defensive update to the Python companion library for Ledger's Bitcoin app. It changes how the client handles unexpected data returned by a future version of the hardware app, so that the data is labeled as 'unknown' rather than being misread as a transaction input number. It is a robustness/future-proofing fix, not a patch for an active security flaw.

Security candidateAdd sign_psbt test for MuSig round 1 and 2by Salvatore Ingala · a3120eca · Apr 23, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 55 · ThinInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Add sign_psbt test for MuSig round 1 and 2

55/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Mentions testing or verification! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit only adds new test cases for an existing feature (MuSig multi-signature signing) in the Rust client test suite. It does not change any production code, cryptographic logic, or application behavior. The changes are purely in test files: extending the test harness to check two new kinds of returned data (public nonces and partial signatures) and adding recorded device communication data for two MuSig signing scenarios. There is no indication of a security fix or vulnerability.

Security candidateGeneralize return value of sign_psbt in the Rust clientby Salvatore Ingala · dd9e3409 · Apr 23, 2026 · 8 filesMessage 85 · StrongInformational 18Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Generalize return value of sign_psbt in the Rust client

In order to support returning pubnonces and partial signatures for
Musig2 support, the objrects returned in sign_psbt are generalized
from PartialSignature to a SignPsbtYieldedObject enum.
This is a breaking change, therefore it requires a major release.

85/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Explains rationale or failure mode
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet pathparser or protocol path
AI analysis · Informational 18/100

This commit is a routine API update for the Ledger Bitcoin app's Rust client library. It changes what kind of data the library returns when a user signs a Bitcoin transaction (PSBT), so it can also return MuSig2 multi-signature material (public nonces and partial signatures) in addition to ordinary signatures. The commit message explicitly calls this a breaking change that requires a major release. There is no indication of a security bug being fixed or introduced.

Security candidateImprove tests for replace_musigsby Salvatore Ingala · 25e77a99 · Apr 21, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 68 · AdequateInformational 14Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Improve tests for replace_musigs

- use the canonical /<0;1>/* derivation steps
- add a test with empty musig
- add a test with two separate musig() expressions

68/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Mentions testing or verification
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Informational 14/100

This commit only changes test code for a Bitcoin descriptor helper. It updates existing test strings to use a newer standard derivation format and adds two new test cases (an empty multi-signature expression and a descriptor containing two separate multi-signature expressions). There is no change to production code, no fix, and no security-relevant behavior change.

Security candidateAdd support for "musig()" in the rust clientby Salvatore Ingala · 244d6027 · Apr 21, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 80 · StrongLow 26Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Add support for "musig()" in the rust client

Since rust-miniscript currently doesn't support musig() key
expressions, it cannot be used for the calculation of addresses
for such wallet policies in the client.

Similarly to the python client, this implements the minimal code
for BIP327- and BIP328-complient key aggregation, in order to
replace musig() with the corresponding synthetic xpub, before
computing the address using rust-miniscript.

80/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Explains rationale or failure mode
Why it was queued
secret or key materialcryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Low 26/100

This commit adds code to the Ledger Bitcoin app's Rust client that pre-processes wallet descriptors containing 'musig(...)' key groups before computing addresses. It implements a small BIP-327/BIP-328 key aggregation so the existing miniscript library can still parse the descriptor. It is a feature addition, not a reported vulnerability fix, but any new cryptographic code can introduce bugs that could cause wrong addresses or, in the worst case, weaken security if implemented incorrectly.

Security candidateFail immediately on overflow before converting from uint64_t to uint32_tby Salvatore Ingala · cd8d3178 · Apr 13, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 55 · ThinModerate 61Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Fail immediately on overflow before converting from uint64_t to uint32_t

55/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
memory safety
AI analysis · Moderate 61/100

This commit fixes two spots in Ledger's Bitcoin app where a very large 64-bit number could be silently truncated to a smaller 32-bit number. After the truncation, the app would treat a huge requested data length as a small one, which could let an attacker read memory beyond what was intended or behave in unexpected ways. The fix now checks for overflow and fails immediately before the conversion happens.

Security candidateGuard against sizes that do not fit in an intby Salvatore Ingala · e4012c72 · Apr 13, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinModerate 58Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Guard against sizes that do not fit in an int

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 58/100

This commit adds a safety check in the Ledger Bitcoin app's code that handles BIP32 derivation paths extracted from a PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction). The change prevents a very large, attacker-chosen data length from being silently truncated when converted from a large unsigned integer (size_t) to a signed integer (int). Such truncation could theoretically cause the app to allocate or read/write the wrong amount of memory, potentially leading to crashes or memory corruption. The patch is narrow and defensive, but it does not show a complete exploit path.

Security candidateWrong function mentioned in commentby Salvatore Ingala · f8689a27 · Mar 27, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinInformational 15Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Wrong function mentioned in comment

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Informational 15/100

This commit only fixes a typo in a code comment. The comment previously referenced the wrong function name ('bip32_CKDpub' instead of 'crypto_tr_tweak_pubkey'). No actual code logic was changed, so there is no security impact.

Security candidateZero output buffer for signatures on errorsby Salvatore Ingala · 1509119c · Mar 27, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinModerate 58Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Zero output buffer for signatures on errors

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarycryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Moderate 58/100

This commit fixes a security-sensitive cleanup bug in the Ledger Bitcoin app's signing code. When a cryptographic signing operation failed, the output buffer that would normally hold the signature was not being cleared. That means a partially computed or leftover value could be returned to the caller instead of a valid signature. The fix wipes the buffer to zero whenever an error occurs, ensuring no misleading or exploitable signature-like data is produced.

Security candidateValidate output index (if given) in psbt_parse_rawtxby Salvatore Ingala · 2330334b · Mar 27, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 50 · ThinModerate 58Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Validate output index (if given) in psbt_parse_rawtx

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarydefensive validationsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 58/100

This commit adds a safety check in the Ledger Bitcoin app's code that parses raw transactions from PSBT data. Before finalizing, it now verifies that if the caller asked for a specific transaction output by index, that output actually exists. Without this check, the code could have proceeded using data from a non-existent or uninitialized output, potentially leading to incorrect transaction details being shown or signed.

Security candidateAdd missing bound check in fpt_der_data_callbackby Salvatore Ingala · e92bc067 · Mar 27, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinModerate 60Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Add missing bound check in fpt_der_data_callback

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 60/100

This commit fixes a missing safety check in the Ledger Bitcoin app when reading BIP32 derivation data from a PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction). For non-Taproot transactions, the app was not verifying that the derivation data was not longer than the maximum supported size before copying it into a fixed-size internal buffer. This could allow a malicious or malformed PSBT to overflow that buffer, potentially corrupting memory and affecting the device's behavior during transaction signing.

Security candidateBuild-time check to protect global variables from stack overflowby Ilya Artemov · 9771747d · Mar 26, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 55 · ThinLow 32Details
Commit message · Ilya Artemov

Build-time check to protect global variables from stack overflow

55/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
memory safety
AI analysis · Low 32/100

This commit adds a build-time safety check in the Ledger Bitcoin app's Makefile. It sets a minimum required stack size depending on the device (Nano X or other), which helps catch cases where too much memory is used globally and could overflow into the stack. It is a defensive hardening change, not a fix for a known active bug or attack.

Security candidateValidate boundaries before assigningby Salvatore Ingala · 4f93090e · Mar 24, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 35 · OpaqueModerate 59Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Validate boundaries before assigning

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body! Opaque security-relevant change
Why it was queued
signing boundarydefensive validationsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 59/100

This commit fixes a boundary-check ordering bug in the Ledger Bitcoin app's wallet policy parser. Previously, the code stored an untrusted length value into a data structure before checking whether that length was too large. The fix moves the storage to after the validation check. This prevents a malformed wallet policy from causing the app to record an oversized length that could later lead to memory corruption or incorrect parsing.

Security candidateFix overflow check in parse_unsigned_decimalby Salvatore Ingala · e9925b44 · Mar 24, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 83 · StrongModerate 62Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Fix overflow check in parse_unsigned_decimal

Not all overflows were detected by the overflow check.
Fixed and added a regression test.

Also fixed the type discrepancy between uint32_t and size_t.

83/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Mentions testing or verification✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly
Why it was queued
memory safetyfuzzing or regression evidencesigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 62/100

This commit fixes a bug in how the Ledger Bitcoin app reads large numbers from wallet policy strings. The old overflow check could miss some values that are too large to fit in a 32-bit unsigned integer, causing the app to silently accept and truncate an oversized number. This could let an attacker craft a wallet policy that passes validation when it should have been rejected, potentially changing the meaning of a spending condition such as a time lock. The fix corrects the math used to detect overflow and adds a regression test.

Security candidateAvoid leaving secrets in memory on error pathsby Salvatore Ingala · 2b869289 · Mar 24, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinModerate 59Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Avoid leaving secrets in memory on error paths

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI analysis · Moderate 59/100

This commit fixes a security issue where a secret cryptographic key could be left behind in memory if an error occurred during a key-tweaking operation. The patch now wipes the output buffer on failure paths, reducing the risk that leftover secret material could be extracted later.

Security candidateAbort if input/output amounts are absurdby Salvatore Ingala · 22eb42da · Mar 18, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 68 · AdequateModerate 59Details
Commit message · Salvatore Ingala

Abort if input/output amounts are absurd

While the transaction would be invalid anyway, no reason to
proceed with the signing flow with values that could cause
integer overflows.

68/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context
Why it was queued
signing boundarymemory safetysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 59/100

This commit adds safety checks in the Ledger Bitcoin app's transaction signing code. Before this change, the app would continue processing Bitcoin transaction inputs and outputs even if their amounts were larger than all the Bitcoin that will ever exist. Such absurdly large values could potentially cause arithmetic overflows in later calculations. The fix makes the app immediately reject these transactions with an error instead of continuing.