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Keystone 3 firmware

Open-source device firmware for Keystone 3 hardware wallets.

BitcoinHardware walletsNormal
Repository coverage

532 commits in the local evidence base

Every captured commit receives deterministic security triage and a separate communication-quality score. Security candidates and broader second-pass signals receive full-patch Ollama analysis.

107security candidates287second-pass queue64AI analyses
116commits · 30 days
155commits · 60 days
272commits · 180 days
532commits · 365 days
Backfill bands
Aug 5 → Feb 6260 seen14 candidatesComplete
Feb 6 → Jun 6117 seen7 candidatesComplete
Jun 6 → Jul 639 seen4 candidatesComplete
Jul 6 → Aug 5115 seen4 candidatesComplete
Commit communication

Does the history explain itself?

Message quality measures whether a commit identifies its scope, purpose, rationale, testing, and supporting references. It does not change the security-severity score.

41/100 average clarity
35Strong · 80–100
64Adequate · 60–79
201Thin · 40–59
232Opaque · 0–39
37security candidates with opaque commit messaging
Read the scoring rubric →
Developer activity

Who is changing the project?

Public Git author strings; identities are not independently verified.

DeveloperCommitsCandidatesAnalyzedHigh riskMessage avg.
ww35126871755129026
soralit1143318048
Adam Tucker931111063
aaron3043048
willwang1521025
John Boyd621088
Qkin-Keystone2610036
qkin1211050
Greg Pfeil410071
Daira-Emma Hopwood210085
bianminyan4500032
stone wang300038
Analysis record

Published AI watches

Last scanned 4 minutes ago

Informational 19 AI analysisMessage 85 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(simulator): return password error on PIN mismatch in SimulatorLoadAccountSecret

This commit fixes a bug in the firmware's simulator (a software stand-in used for testing, not the real hardware wallet). When checking a stored account password/PIN, the simulator was accidentally returning 'success' even when the passwor…

Incorrect success return on authentication failure in simulator-only codeMismatch between simulator and real-device authentication error semanticsFunctional regression in multi-account PIN creation in simulator builds
6bec6930by soralit+4−11 file
No security note in commit
Moderate 64 AI analysisMessage 80 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix: remove insecure PRNG fallback

This commit removes a weak, predictable random-number generator that was bundled as a backup inside the firmware's SLIP-39 code. Previously, if the device's proper hardware random source was accidentally left out of a build, the firmware c…

Removal of deterministic LCG PRNG (random32)Removal of weak-symbol random_buffer fallbackRemoval of unused random helper APIs
17c78e30by ww3512687+108−693 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 47 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

chore: upgrade rust version

This commit upgrades the Rust compiler toolchain from one nightly version to a newer one and adjusts code to keep the project building and tests passing. It does not fix a known security bug or change how user funds are protected. Most of …

82a48133by soralit+511−1321 files
No security note in commit
Low 42 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): defer checked batch cleanup after signing

This patch changes when a Zcash batch signing screen frees a sensitive internal data structure. Instead of destroying the data immediately when the page is cleared, it now schedules the cleanup to run after the signing operation has finish…

Use-after-free / premature-free risk in cryptographic signing pathAsync deferred cleanup introduced to avoid race with FIFO signing taskInline comment explicitly describes security-relevant ordering constraint
3b8995faby Adam Tucker+32−11 file
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Release Zcash batch review widgets before signing

This commit fixes a potential memory/resource issue in the Zcash batch signing flow on the Keystone 3 hardware wallet. Before opening the signature view, the code now explicitly frees (destroys) the on-screen review widgets. Without this c…

Resource cleanup before sensitive signing operationUI object destruction to prevent memory pressure during cryptographic signing flowPotential UI state inconsistency mitigated by explicit widget release
2982da56by Adam Tucker+4−01 file
No security note in commit
Moderate 64 AI analysisMessage 50 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix the issue of uvfk not changed if changed password

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone 3 hardware wallet's Zcash support: when a user changed their login password, the encrypted Zcash 'unified full viewing key' (UFVK) was not re-encrypted with the new password. That meant the stored UF…

Credential/key material desynchronization after password changeZcash UFVK ciphertext keyed by login passwordAutomatic migration/recovery of stale encrypted key material
6d8e2d9dby aaron+137−464 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 56 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Reject existing Zcash batch signatures

This firmware update changes how Keystone hardware wallets handle Zcash batch signing. Previously, the device might have accepted a transaction request that already contained spend authorization signatures. Now it rejects such requests. Th…

Defensive input validation added to reject pre-existing spend authorization signatures in Zcash batch PCZT flowPotential host-supplied signature smuggling vector in batch signing mitigatedNew unit tests cover both Orchard and Ironwood pools for the rejection behavior
a50410acby Adam Tucker+126−33 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 64 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Scope Zcash shielded signing to selected account

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone 3 hardware wallet's Zcash shielded transaction signing. Previously, when a user reviewed and approved a transaction for one account, the device could accidentally authorize a spend from a different a…

Account-scoping enforcement added to shielded spend authorizationPrevents cross-account signing under same seedNew validation in PCZT check path before signing
3d14c7ddby Adam Tucker+166−296 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 43 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): skip finalized dummy spends during signing

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone hardware wallet's Zcash signing code. When signing a batch of Zcash transactions that include 'dummy' placeholder spends (zero-value decoy actions used for privacy), the signer could get stuck or fai…

Zcash privacy-spend signing bypass for finalized dummy actionsBatch-transport redaction state reproduced in regression testPotential signing failure / denial-of-service for Zcash PCZT transactions with dummy spends
9792998aby Adam Tucker+81−13 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

refactor(zcash): rename redacted PCZT signing helper

This commit is a simple rename of an internal function from `sign_pczt_to_pczt` to `sign_and_redact_pczt` in the Zcash Rust code. No behavior, logic, or security properties changed; it only makes the function name more descriptive. There i…

01bd8e2bby Adam Tucker+4−42 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 59 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat(se): Move 2 W1 — SE generation detection, gen-isolated backend, gen-1 page-8 gate

This is a large firmware commit for the Keystone 3 hardware wallet that restructures how the secure element (SE) chip is used. It introduces a generation-aware backend so the firmware can support two different SE configurations (gen-1, the…

Generation-aware SE backend with fail-closed NULL backend for UNPROVISIONED/INVALID chipsLegacy page-8 PIN-hash wipe gated to gen-1 only to avoid erasing gen-2 R_wrappedPer-account lifecycle status pages for atomic crash recovery of create/change-PIN/delete
57a92dcdby aaron+2163−16736 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Moderate 54 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): sign shielded PCZTs without RoleSigner to fit the device stack

This commit fixes a crash in the Keystone hardware wallet when signing certain advanced Zcash transactions. The previous code used a heavy upstream signing helper that needed too much memory, causing the device to reset during an Orchard-t…

Stack overflow / device reset in signing task due to excessive stack usage by upstream RoleSignerReplacement of heavy upstream signer with lean in-repo low_level_signer to fit device stack budgetAddition of consensus-critical NU6.3 v6 Orchard/Ironwood sighash domains in pczt_ext
11592ebcby Adam Tucker+603−2173 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 85 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix: remove duplicate SIG_BACKGROUND_UR_GENERATE_FAIL enumerator

This commit removes a duplicate entry in a list of internal software signal names used by the device's user interface. The duplicate would have caused the firmware to fail compilation, so the change is a straightforward build fix with no s…

1a8cfcb4by Adam Tucker+0−11 file
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 80 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

chore: point ur-registry at upstream SDK rev

This commit simply switches a software dependency from a temporary community fork back to the project's own official upstream repository. The code being used is the same feature (Zcash batch registry support); it has just been merged into …

ef575e15by Adam Tucker+3−32 files
No security note in commit
Low 37 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Add Zcash batch signing for shielded PCZTs

This commit adds a new Zcash batch-signing feature for shielded transactions and fixes a UI bug where Zcash signing could freeze if the response QR code could not be generated. The changes introduce new Rust code to validate, parse, and si…

New batch signing path for Zcash shielded PCZTs with 35-message limitAtomic batch semantics: any invalid message aborts the whole batchPreflight check `ensure_pczt_has_signable_shielded_action` prevents silent no-signature results
745330f6by Adam Tucker+2201−5232 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 27 AI analysisMessage 83 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Bump Zcash deps to Ironwood revisions + mechanical API migrations

This commit updates the Zcash-related Rust libraries inside the Keystone 3 firmware to newer versions. It also makes small code changes so the firmware keeps compiling with the new library APIs, removes some old tests that no longer work w…

Dependency bump to major new revisions of Zcash cryptographic cratesSwitch from crates.io releases to Git-pinned forks (valargroup/librustzcash and zcash/orchard)ZIP-244 sighash digest code changes in pczt_ext.rs
4487747fby Adam Tucker+201−43710 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 57 AI analysisMessage 0 · Opaque
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix ar bugs

This commit fixes several bugs in the firmware of the Keystone 3 hardware wallet, mainly around how Arweave (AR) cryptocurrency keys and RSA prime numbers are handled. It replaces direct array indexing with safer lookups, adds checks for m…

Out-of-bounds index fix: ChainType enum no longer used directly as array index for g_chainTable/g_accountPublicInfoSensitive-data cleanup: RSA prime flash region and SE hash are erased when an account is deletedTamper-response expansion: anti_tamper erase loop now covers the new RSA primes hash page
26fffdc3by ww3512687+173−819 files
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat: update dice roll entropy ui

This commit updates the user interface and internal checks for generating wallet seed phrases using dice rolls as a source of randomness. It enforces a minimum number of dice rolls depending on the desired seed strength: at least 50 rolls …

Enforces minimum entropy input length based on target mnemonic strengthAdds server-side/model-layer validation in addition to UI gatingPrevents generation of 256-bit seeds from insufficient dice-roll entropy
7bc4d7d8by soralit+158−168 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 57 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

change the se config and usage

This firmware update changes how the Keystone hardware wallet stores and checks device passwords. Previously, the device kept a separate password hash page in its secure element (SE) storage. After this update, password verification is don…

Removal of stored password hash page and migration to secret-decryption password verificationAddition of legacy password hash wipe routine on bootSE error codes propagated instead of asserted, improving fault handling
24f68a8eby aaron+279−12514 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 0 · Opaque
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

leap sunset

This commit removes support for the 'Leap' wallet from the Keystone 3 firmware. It deletes the Leap wallet icon and asset, removes Leap-related text strings from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean font files, and updates the Rust dependency ver…

920e9830by ww3512687+609−88123 files
No security note in commit
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AI review queuedreplace lvgl randby ww3512687 · f7d64fb8 · Aug 5, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 28 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · ww3512687

replace lvgl rand

28/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message
AI review queuedfix: address Solana review findingsby soralit · e1752174 · Aug 4, 2026 · 11 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · soralit

fix: address Solana review findings

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedfix: regular AI code review and fixby soralit · e2c0ef31 · Jul 30, 2026 · 76 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 19Details
Commit message · soralit

fix: regular AI code review and fix

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathparser or protocol pathsecond-pass: unusually broad changesecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedfix: guard Solana USB pubkey service for non-web3 buildsby John Boyd · 9d04150d · Jul 28, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 85 · StrongTriage 7Details
Commit message · John Boyd

fix: guard Solana USB pubkey service for non-web3 builds

CheckSolPathSupport is only compiled under WEB3_VERSION, but the USB
pubkey service introduced with the sol-cli feature calls it
unconditionally, so cypherpunk and btc-only production builds fail to
link. Compile the Solana path only for web3 firmware and answer the
request with the existing "Unsupported coin type" error elsewhere.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

85/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope✓ Provides detailed explanatory context
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedoptimize sol derivation path allocationby ww3512687 · 9c3efd94 · Jul 28, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · ww3512687

optimize sol derivation path allocation

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedsupport sol cliby ww3512687 · 77833f49 · Jul 27, 2026 · 16 filesMessage 28 · OpaqueTriage 19Details
Commit message · ww3512687

support sol cli

28/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathparser or protocol pathsecond-pass: opaque commit messagesecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedPreserve Zcash account firmware version (#37)by Adam · 20d7ea2d · Jul 22, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 68 · AdequateTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam

Preserve Zcash account firmware version (#37)

* Preserve Zcash account firmware version

* Keep UR dependencies at 1.0.7

68/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides an explanatory body✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedPreserve PCZT v1 response encodingby Adam Tucker · acf3611a · Jul 22, 2026 · 5 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Preserve PCZT v1 response encoding

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedrefactor(zcash): use shielded pool display directlyby Adam Tucker · 9074e087 · Jul 21, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 62 · AdequateTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

refactor(zcash): use shielded pool display directly

62/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedfix(zcash): allow transparent-only V6 PCZTsby Adam Tucker · ba4ecf28 · Jul 21, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

fix(zcash): allow transparent-only V6 PCZTs

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedrefactor(zcash): simplify unsupported PCZT helpersby Adam Tucker · 0f0dc78a · Jul 21, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 62 · AdequateTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

refactor(zcash): simplify unsupported PCZT helpers

62/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedrefactor(zcash): display shielded pool namesby Adam Tucker · 83ac1e21 · Jul 21, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

refactor(zcash): display shielded pool names

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedfix(zcash): size UFVK buffers for terminatorsby Adam Tucker · 5f158dd3 · Jul 20, 2026 · 6 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

fix(zcash): size UFVK buffers for terminators

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedadd 3.0.0 changelogby bianminyan · 15bf55fd · Jul 20, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 38 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · bianminyan

add 3.0.0 changelog

38/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message
AI review queuedSet Zcash batch limit to 40by Adam Tucker · 7fd64609 · Jul 18, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Set Zcash batch limit to 40

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedRestore Zcash batch limit to 35by Adam Tucker · 480e0cd1 · Jul 18, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Restore Zcash batch limit to 35

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedSet Zcash batch limit to 40by Adam · 51cae26e · Jul 18, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam

Set Zcash batch limit to 40

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedReduce Zcash batch limit to 35by Adam Tucker · 13662ea0 · Jul 18, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Reduce Zcash batch limit to 35

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedfix the verifying ps hang on wrong password in btc only multi-sigby aaron · 2037a16a · Jul 17, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 50 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · aaron

fix the verifying ps hang on wrong password in btc only multi-sig

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: broader security terminologysecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedupdate the font charactarby aaron · 1efd952c · Jul 17, 2026 · 9 filesMessage 35 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

update the font charactar

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message
AI review queuedupdate the mutiple language fontby aaron · 003beb9c · Jul 17, 2026 · 24 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

update the mutiple language font

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: unusually broad change
AI review queuedfeat: modify Lace Walletby soralit · 468209b6 · Jul 16, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 40 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

feat: modify Lace Wallet

40/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedchore: add lace walletby soralit · 1a46dcad · Jul 15, 2026 · 9 filesMessage 40 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

chore: add lace wallet

40/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedchore: resume Zcash firmware version changesby soralit · 4518972c · Jul 14, 2026 · 5 filesMessage 72 · AdequateTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

chore: resume Zcash firmware version changes

This reverts commit 718548072bc0929b34d9af7eb57061cc10b3b7cc.

72/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope✓ Provides an explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedOptimize duplicate rk validationby Adam Tucker · 15709554 · Jul 14, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 35 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Optimize duplicate rk validation

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message