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Keystone 3 firmware

Open-source device firmware for Keystone 3 hardware wallets.

BitcoinHardware walletsNormal
Repository coverage

532 commits in the local evidence base

Every captured commit receives deterministic security triage and a separate communication-quality score. Security candidates and broader second-pass signals receive full-patch Ollama analysis.

107security candidates287second-pass queue61AI analyses
116commits · 30 days
155commits · 60 days
272commits · 180 days
532commits · 365 days
Backfill bands
Aug 5 → Feb 6260 seen14 candidatesComplete
Feb 6 → Jun 6117 seen7 candidatesComplete
Jun 6 → Jul 639 seen4 candidatesComplete
Jul 6 → Aug 5115 seen4 candidatesComplete
Commit communication

Does the history explain itself?

Message quality measures whether a commit identifies its scope, purpose, rationale, testing, and supporting references. It does not change the security-severity score.

41/100 average clarity
35Strong · 80–100
64Adequate · 60–79
201Thin · 40–59
232Opaque · 0–39
37security candidates with opaque commit messaging
Read the scoring rubric →
Developer activity

Who is changing the project?

Public Git author strings; identities are not independently verified.

DeveloperCommitsCandidatesAnalyzedHigh riskMessage avg.
ww35126871755128026
soralit1143318048
Adam Tucker931111063
aaron3041048
willwang1521025
John Boyd621088
Qkin-Keystone2610036
qkin1211050
Greg Pfeil410071
Daira-Emma Hopwood210085
bianminyan4500032
stone wang300038
Analysis record

Published AI watches

Last scanned 8 minutes ago

Informational 19 AI analysisMessage 85 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(simulator): return password error on PIN mismatch in SimulatorLoadAccountSecret

This commit fixes a bug in the firmware's simulator (a software stand-in used for testing, not the real hardware wallet). When checking a stored account password/PIN, the simulator was accidentally returning 'success' even when the passwor…

Incorrect success return on authentication failure in simulator-only codeMismatch between simulator and real-device authentication error semanticsFunctional regression in multi-account PIN creation in simulator builds
6bec6930by soralit+4−11 file
No security note in commit
Moderate 64 AI analysisMessage 80 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix: remove insecure PRNG fallback

This commit removes a weak, predictable random-number generator that was bundled as a backup inside the firmware's SLIP-39 code. Previously, if the device's proper hardware random source was accidentally left out of a build, the firmware c…

Removal of deterministic LCG PRNG (random32)Removal of weak-symbol random_buffer fallbackRemoval of unused random helper APIs
17c78e30by ww3512687+108−693 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 47 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

chore: upgrade rust version

This commit upgrades the Rust compiler toolchain from one nightly version to a newer one and adjusts code to keep the project building and tests passing. It does not fix a known security bug or change how user funds are protected. Most of …

82a48133by soralit+511−1321 files
No security note in commit
Low 42 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): defer checked batch cleanup after signing

This patch changes when a Zcash batch signing screen frees a sensitive internal data structure. Instead of destroying the data immediately when the page is cleared, it now schedules the cleanup to run after the signing operation has finish…

Use-after-free / premature-free risk in cryptographic signing pathAsync deferred cleanup introduced to avoid race with FIFO signing taskInline comment explicitly describes security-relevant ordering constraint
3b8995faby Adam Tucker+32−11 file
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Release Zcash batch review widgets before signing

This commit fixes a potential memory/resource issue in the Zcash batch signing flow on the Keystone 3 hardware wallet. Before opening the signature view, the code now explicitly frees (destroys) the on-screen review widgets. Without this c…

Resource cleanup before sensitive signing operationUI object destruction to prevent memory pressure during cryptographic signing flowPotential UI state inconsistency mitigated by explicit widget release
2982da56by Adam Tucker+4−01 file
No security note in commit
Moderate 56 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Reject existing Zcash batch signatures

This firmware update changes how Keystone hardware wallets handle Zcash batch signing. Previously, the device might have accepted a transaction request that already contained spend authorization signatures. Now it rejects such requests. Th…

Defensive input validation added to reject pre-existing spend authorization signatures in Zcash batch PCZT flowPotential host-supplied signature smuggling vector in batch signing mitigatedNew unit tests cover both Orchard and Ironwood pools for the rejection behavior
a50410acby Adam Tucker+126−33 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 64 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Scope Zcash shielded signing to selected account

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone 3 hardware wallet's Zcash shielded transaction signing. Previously, when a user reviewed and approved a transaction for one account, the device could accidentally authorize a spend from a different a…

Account-scoping enforcement added to shielded spend authorizationPrevents cross-account signing under same seedNew validation in PCZT check path before signing
3d14c7ddby Adam Tucker+166−296 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 43 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): skip finalized dummy spends during signing

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone hardware wallet's Zcash signing code. When signing a batch of Zcash transactions that include 'dummy' placeholder spends (zero-value decoy actions used for privacy), the signer could get stuck or fai…

Zcash privacy-spend signing bypass for finalized dummy actionsBatch-transport redaction state reproduced in regression testPotential signing failure / denial-of-service for Zcash PCZT transactions with dummy spends
9792998aby Adam Tucker+81−13 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

refactor(zcash): rename redacted PCZT signing helper

This commit is a simple rename of an internal function from `sign_pczt_to_pczt` to `sign_and_redact_pczt` in the Zcash Rust code. No behavior, logic, or security properties changed; it only makes the function name more descriptive. There i…

01bd8e2bby Adam Tucker+4−42 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 59 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat(se): Move 2 W1 — SE generation detection, gen-isolated backend, gen-1 page-8 gate

This is a large firmware commit for the Keystone 3 hardware wallet that restructures how the secure element (SE) chip is used. It introduces a generation-aware backend so the firmware can support two different SE configurations (gen-1, the…

Generation-aware SE backend with fail-closed NULL backend for UNPROVISIONED/INVALID chipsLegacy page-8 PIN-hash wipe gated to gen-1 only to avoid erasing gen-2 R_wrappedPer-account lifecycle status pages for atomic crash recovery of create/change-PIN/delete
57a92dcdby aaron+2163−16736 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Moderate 54 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix(zcash): sign shielded PCZTs without RoleSigner to fit the device stack

This commit fixes a crash in the Keystone hardware wallet when signing certain advanced Zcash transactions. The previous code used a heavy upstream signing helper that needed too much memory, causing the device to reset during an Orchard-t…

Stack overflow / device reset in signing task due to excessive stack usage by upstream RoleSignerReplacement of heavy upstream signer with lean in-repo low_level_signer to fit device stack budgetAddition of consensus-critical NU6.3 v6 Orchard/Ironwood sighash domains in pczt_ext
11592ebcby Adam Tucker+603−2173 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 85 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

fix: remove duplicate SIG_BACKGROUND_UR_GENERATE_FAIL enumerator

This commit removes a duplicate entry in a list of internal software signal names used by the device's user interface. The duplicate would have caused the firmware to fail compilation, so the change is a straightforward build fix with no s…

1a8cfcb4by Adam Tucker+0−11 file
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 80 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

chore: point ur-registry at upstream SDK rev

This commit simply switches a software dependency from a temporary community fork back to the project's own official upstream repository. The code being used is the same feature (Zcash batch registry support); it has just been merged into …

ef575e15by Adam Tucker+3−32 files
No security note in commit
Low 37 AI analysisMessage 45 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Add Zcash batch signing for shielded PCZTs

This commit adds a new Zcash batch-signing feature for shielded transactions and fixes a UI bug where Zcash signing could freeze if the response QR code could not be generated. The changes introduce new Rust code to validate, parse, and si…

New batch signing path for Zcash shielded PCZTs with 35-message limitAtomic batch semantics: any invalid message aborts the whole batchPreflight check `ensure_pczt_has_signable_shielded_action` prevents silent no-signature results
745330f6by Adam Tucker+2201−5232 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 27 AI analysisMessage 83 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

Bump Zcash deps to Ironwood revisions + mechanical API migrations

This commit updates the Zcash-related Rust libraries inside the Keystone 3 firmware to newer versions. It also makes small code changes so the firmware keeps compiling with the new library APIs, removes some old tests that no longer work w…

Dependency bump to major new revisions of Zcash cryptographic cratesSwitch from crates.io releases to Git-pinned forks (valargroup/librustzcash and zcash/orchard)ZIP-244 sighash digest code changes in pczt_ext.rs
4487747fby Adam Tucker+201−43710 files
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 62 · Adequate
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat: update dice roll entropy ui

This commit updates the user interface and internal checks for generating wallet seed phrases using dice rolls as a source of randomness. It enforces a minimum number of dice rolls depending on the desired seed strength: at least 50 rolls …

Enforces minimum entropy input length based on target mnemonic strengthAdds server-side/model-layer validation in addition to UI gatingPrevents generation of 256-bit seeds from insufficient dice-roll entropy
7bc4d7d8by soralit+158−168 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 0 · Opaque
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

leap sunset

This commit removes support for the 'Leap' wallet from the Keystone 3 firmware. It deletes the Leap wallet icon and asset, removes Leap-related text strings from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean font files, and updates the Rust dependency ver…

920e9830by ww3512687+609−88123 files
No security note in commit
Low 29 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat(zcash): enable Zcash for SLIP 39 wallets with 33-word shares

This commit changes how the Keystone hardware wallet enables Zcash for SLIP 39 wallets. Previously, Zcash was completely disabled for all SLIP 39 wallets. Now it is allowed when the SLIP 39 shares are 33 words long (256-bit entropy), but s…

Relaxation of a security-motivated disablement based on entropy lengthNew entropy-length gate for Zcash supportPotential risk if entropy length check is bypassed or miscalculated
2729141bby John Boyd+46−269 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 57 · Thin
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

feat(nufi-tron): update nufi-tron support

This commit adds a new way for the Keystone hardware wallet to handle Tron (TRX) transactions sent as plain JSON sign requests, alongside the older Keystone-specific format. It introduces code that parses JSON, derives the sender address f…

New transaction parsing path from untrusted JSON input (serde_json::Value then protoc::TronTx)Address-ownership check added before signing (derived address vs. JSON 'from' field)Use of keccak256 with slicing `digest[12..]` to form 20-byte TRON address
c9cc587eby qkin+571−1713 files
No security note in commit
Low 26 AI analysisMessage 28 · Opaque
KS KeystoneKeystone 3 firmware BitcoinHardware wallets

support core wallet

This commit adds support for the Core Wallet in the Keystone 3 firmware. It mainly expands the number of Avalanche X/P-chain derivation paths from one to ten, updates the Rust SDK dependency, and changes how signing requests extract deriva…

Change to cryptographic signing API (multiple paths / multiple signatures)Change to HD derivation path validation and selection logicChange to master-fingerprint / source-fingerprint verification
fa8a0579by ww3512687+165−13711 files
No security note in commit
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Explore captured commits

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AI review queuedupdate the font charactarby aaron · 1efd952c · Jul 17, 2026 · 9 filesMessage 35 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

update the font charactar

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message
AI review queuedupdate the mutiple language fontby aaron · 003beb9c · Jul 17, 2026 · 24 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

update the mutiple language font

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: unusually broad change
Security candidatefix the issue of uvfk not changed if changed passwordby aaron · 6d8e2d9d · Jul 16, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 50 · ThinTriage 15Details
Commit message · aaron

fix the issue of uvfk not changed if changed password

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
AI review queuedfeat: modify Lace Walletby soralit · 468209b6 · Jul 16, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 40 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

feat: modify Lace Wallet

40/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
Lower-priorityuse DestroyAccount if the AccountDataCheck found issuesby aaron · d7d53646 · Jul 15, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 50 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

use DestroyAccount if the AccountDataCheck found issues

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
AI review queuedchore: add lace walletby soralit · 1a46dcad · Jul 15, 2026 · 9 filesMessage 40 · ThinTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

chore: add lace wallet

40/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
Lower-prioritychore: bump versionby soralit · 26df3782 · Jul 15, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 40 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · soralit

chore: bump version

40/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Subject identifies a change✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Security candidateReject existing Zcash batch signaturesby Adam Tucker · a50410ac · Jul 14, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 45 · ThinModerate 56Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Reject existing Zcash batch signatures

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundary
AI analysis · Moderate 56/100

This firmware update changes how Keystone hardware wallets handle Zcash batch signing. Previously, the device might have accepted a transaction request that already contained spend authorization signatures. Now it rejects such requests. The concern is that an attacker could craft a Zcash batch transaction containing signatures from another source and trick the device into including them in its final response, potentially making the device vouch for transactions the user did not actually review and authorize. The patch adds an explicit check to block any incoming Orchard or Ironwood spend authorization signatures in batch mode.

Lower-priorityReject invalid Zcash display totalsby Adam Tucker · 28607f56 · Jul 14, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 8Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Reject invalid Zcash display totals

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
defensive validation
Lower-priorityadd the se wipe and reorder the ErasePublicInfo to fix the power lose issueby aaron · a366adde · Jul 14, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 50 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

add the se wipe and reorder the ErasePublicInfo to fix the power lose issue

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Lower-priorityupdate the string and fix the pages reusedby aaron · 11ed27b3 · Jul 14, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

update the string and fix the pages reused

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
AI review queuedchore: resume Zcash firmware version changesby soralit · 4518972c · Jul 14, 2026 · 5 filesMessage 72 · AdequateTriage 12Details
Commit message · soralit

chore: resume Zcash firmware version changes

This reverts commit 718548072bc0929b34d9af7eb57061cc10b3b7cc.

72/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope✓ Provides an explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing or wallet pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path
Lower-priorityClarify cross-pool rk validationby Adam Tucker · e4ab2e4d · Jul 14, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Clarify cross-pool rk validation

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
AI review queuedOptimize duplicate rk validationby Adam Tucker · 15709554 · Jul 14, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 35 · OpaqueTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Optimize duplicate rk validation

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
second-pass: opaque commit message
Lower-priorityfix: warn before prove ownership wipeby aaron · a7d6a931 · Jul 14, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · aaron

fix: warn before prove ownership wipe

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Lower-priorityReject duplicate Orchard and Ironwood action rk valuesby Adam Tucker · 5fa1ad23 · Jul 13, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 50 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Reject duplicate Orchard and Ironwood action rk values

50/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Lower-priorityRemove unreleased batch changelog entriesby Adam Tucker · 86652d1d · Jul 13, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Remove unreleased batch changelog entries

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
documentation-only discount
Security candidateScope Zcash shielded signing to selected accountby Adam Tucker · 3d14c7dd · Jul 13, 2026 · 6 filesMessage 45 · ThinModerate 64Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Scope Zcash shielded signing to selected account

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 64/100

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone 3 hardware wallet's Zcash shielded transaction signing. Previously, when a user reviewed and approved a transaction for one account, the device could accidentally authorize a spend from a different account controlled by the same seed. The patch now checks that every shielded spend belongs to the account the user actually selected, and rejects the transaction if any spend comes from another account. This prevents an attacker or buggy wallet software from tricking the user into signing a spend from an account they did not review.

Lower-priorityfix(zcash): compact migrations alongside split transactionsby Adam Tucker · ead96096 · Jul 13, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 62 · AdequateTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

fix(zcash): compact migrations alongside split transactions

62/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Lower-priorityperf(zcash): reuse checked batch signabilityby Adam Tucker · 2ea86362 · Jul 13, 2026 · 4 filesMessage 57 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

perf(zcash): reuse checked batch signability

57/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Security candidatefix(zcash): skip finalized dummy spends during signingby Adam Tucker · 9792998a · Jul 13, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 62 · AdequateLow 43Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

fix(zcash): skip finalized dummy spends during signing

62/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Uses a recognizable type or scope! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
signing boundarysigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Low 43/100

This commit fixes a bug in the Keystone hardware wallet's Zcash signing code. When signing a batch of Zcash transactions that include 'dummy' placeholder spends (zero-value decoy actions used for privacy), the signer could get stuck or fail because it tried to re-sign a dummy spend whose signature had already been finalized and then stripped for transport. The fix tells the signer to skip these finalized zero-value dummy spends, allowing the real spend to be signed normally. The changelog frames it as a fix for batch signing with finalized zero-value dummy spends.

Lower-priorityUse typed batch firmware version encodingby Adam Tucker · e4c1713c · Jul 13, 2026 · 3 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Use typed batch firmware version encoding

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Lower-priorityClarify firmware version wire encodingby Adam Tucker · c531d791 · Jul 13, 2026 · 1 fileMessage 45 · ThinTriage 0Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Clarify firmware version wire encoding

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
AI review queuedClarify firmware version sourceby Adam Tucker · e9b2548c · Jul 13, 2026 · 2 filesMessage 35 · OpaqueTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Clarify firmware version source

35/100 · OpaqueMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: opaque commit messagesecond-pass: security-sensitive path
AI review queuedReport firmware version in Zcash batch resultsby Adam Tucker · 38219fde · Jul 13, 2026 · 6 filesMessage 45 · ThinTriage 7Details
Commit message · Adam Tucker

Report firmware version in Zcash batch results

45/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component! No meaningful explanatory body
Why it was queued
parser or protocol pathsecond-pass: security-sensitive path