clusterlin: adopt trained cost model (feature)

diff --git a/src/cluster_linearize.h b/src/cluster_linearize.h
index ea0d6bd8..774bc617 100644
--- a/src/cluster_linearize.h
+++ b/src/cluster_linearize.h
@@ -472,37 +472,73 @@ concept StrongComparator =
  *  Linearize(), which just sorts by DepGraphIndex. */
 using IndexTxOrder = std::compare_three_way;
 
+/** A default cost model for SFL for SetType=BitSet<64>, based on benchmarks.
+ *
+ * The numbers here were obtained in February 2026 by:
+ * - For a variety of machines:
+ *   - Running a fixed collection of ~385000 clusters found through random generation and fuzzing,
+ *     optimizing for difficulty of linearization.
+ *     - Linearize each ~3000 times, with different random seeds. Sometimes without input
+ *       linearization, sometimes with a bad one.
+ *       - Gather cycle counts for each of the operations included in this cost model,
+ *         broken down by their parameters.
+ *   - Correct the data by subtracting the runtime of obtaining the cycle count.
+ *   - Drop the 5% top and bottom samples from each cycle count dataset, and compute the average
+ *     of the remaining samples.
+ *   - For each operation, fit a least-squares linear function approximation through the samples.
+ * - Rescale all machine expressions to make their total time match, as we only care about
+ *   relative cost of each operation.
+ * - Take the per-operation average of operation expressions across all machines, to construct
+ *   expressions for an average machine.
+ * - Approximate the result with integer coefficients. Each cost unit corresponds to somewhere
+ *   between 0.5 ns and 2.5 ns, depending on the hardware.
+ */
 class SFLDefaultCostModel
 {
     uint64_t m_cost{0};
 
 public:
     inline void InitializeBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void InitializeEnd(int num_txns, int num_deps) noexcept {}
+    inline void InitializeEnd(int num_txns, int num_deps) noexcept
+    {
+         // Cost of initialization.
+         m_cost += 39 * num_txns;
+         // Cost of producing linearization at the end.
+         m_cost += 48 * num_txns + 4 * num_deps;
+    }
     inline void GetLinearizationBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void GetLinearizationEnd(int num_txns, int num_deps) noexcept {}
+    inline void GetLinearizationEnd(int num_txns, int num_deps) noexcept
+    {
+        // Note that we account for the cost of the final linearization at the beginning (see
+        // InitializeEnd), because the cost budget decision needs to be made before calling
+        // GetLinearization.
+        // This function exists here to allow overriding it easily for benchmark purposes.
+    }
     inline void MakeTopologicalBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void MakeTopologicalEnd(int num_chunks, int num_steps) noexcept {}
+    inline void MakeTopologicalEnd(int num_chunks, int num_steps) noexcept
+    {
+        m_cost += 20 * num_chunks + 28 * num_steps;
+    }
     inline void StartOptimizingBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void StartOptimizingEnd(int num_chunks) noexcept {}
+    inline void StartOptimizingEnd(int num_chunks) noexcept { m_cost += 13 * num_chunks; }
     inline void ActivateBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void ActivateEnd(int num_deps) noexcept { m_cost += 38 * num_deps + 38; }
+    inline void ActivateEnd(int num_deps) noexcept { m_cost += 10 * num_deps + 1; }
     inline void DeactivateBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void DeactivateEnd(int num_deps) noexcept { m_cost += 38 * num_deps + 38; }
+    inline void DeactivateEnd(int num_deps) noexcept { m_cost += 11 * num_deps + 8; }
     inline void MergeChunksBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void MergeChunksMid(int num_txns) noexcept {}
-    inline void MergeChunksEnd(int num_steps) noexcept {}
+    inline void MergeChunksMid(int num_txns) noexcept { m_cost += 2 * num_txns; }
+    inline void MergeChunksEnd(int num_steps) noexcept { m_cost += 3 * num_steps + 5; }
     inline void PickMergeCandidateBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void PickMergeCandidateEnd(int num_steps) noexcept {}
+    inline void PickMergeCandidateEnd(int num_steps) noexcept { m_cost += 8 * num_steps; }
     inline void PickChunkToOptimizeBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void PickChunkToOptimizeEnd(int num_steps) noexcept {}
+    inline void PickChunkToOptimizeEnd(int num_steps) noexcept { m_cost += num_steps + 4; }
     inline void PickDependencyToSplitBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void PickDependencyToSplitEnd(int num_txns) noexcept {}
+    inline void PickDependencyToSplitEnd(int num_txns) noexcept { m_cost += 8 * num_txns + 9; }
     inline void StartMinimizingBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void StartMinimizingEnd(int num_chunks) noexcept {}
+    inline void StartMinimizingEnd(int num_chunks) noexcept { m_cost += 18 * num_chunks; }
     inline void MinimizeStepBegin() noexcept {}
-    inline void MinimizeStepMid(int num_txns) noexcept {}
-    inline void MinimizeStepEnd(bool split) noexcept {}
+    inline void MinimizeStepMid(int num_txns) noexcept { m_cost += 11 * num_txns + 11; }
+    inline void MinimizeStepEnd(bool split) noexcept { m_cost += 17 * split + 7; }
 
     inline uint64_t GetCost() const noexcept { return m_cost; }
 };
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/cluster_linearize.cpp b/src/test/fuzz/cluster_linearize.cpp
index 9b07bf00..b7359401 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/cluster_linearize.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/cluster_linearize.cpp
@@ -1021,6 +1021,7 @@ FUZZ_TARGET(clusterlin_linearize)
     try {
         reader >> VARINT(max_cost) >> Using<DepGraphFormatter>(depgraph) >> rng_seed >> flags;
     } catch (const std::ios_base::failure&) {}
+    if (depgraph.TxCount() <= 1) return;
     bool make_connected = flags & 1;
     // The following 3 booleans have 4 combinations:
     // - (flags & 6) == 0: do not provide input linearization.
diff --git a/src/test/util/cluster_linearize.h b/src/test/util/cluster_linearize.h
index f8ffb5ea..b3f639e8 100644
--- a/src/test/util/cluster_linearize.h
+++ b/src/test/util/cluster_linearize.h
@@ -402,14 +402,14 @@ inline uint64_t MaxOptimalLinearizationCost(DepGraphIndex cluster_count)
     // *some* reasonable cost bound, optimal linearizations are always found.
     static constexpr uint64_t COSTS[65] = {
         0,
-        0, 176, 440, 1496, 3344, 6864, 10076, 16720,
-        19404, 22748, 29832, 41052, 45628, 60104, 64416, 75284,
-        92884, 111848, 134992, 137104, 177276, 152548, 234256, 237688,
-        285164, 315084, 327404, 360052, 389092, 411532, 488576, 504020,
-        518804, 553080, 593120, 627396, 639100, 546744, 636988, 888844,
-        824428, 729564, 1039368, 1253384, 1348688, 1452924, 1449448, 1440780,
-        1498024, 1153988, 1525128, 1672836, 1795816, 1368972, 1823712, 1494592,
-        1541056, 2605108, 1886368, 1816188, 1864060, 2280652, 2790040, 2949540
+        0, 545, 928, 1633, 2647, 4065, 5598, 8258,
+        9505, 11471, 14137, 19553, 20460, 26191, 28397, 32599,
+        41631, 47419, 56329, 57767, 72196, 63652, 95366, 96537,
+        115653, 125407, 131734, 145090, 156349, 164665, 194224, 203953,
+        207710, 225878, 239971, 252284, 256534, 222142, 251332, 357098,
+        325788, 295867, 410053, 497483, 533892, 576572, 577845, 572400,
+        592536, 455082, 609249, 659130, 714091, 544507, 718788, 562378,
+        601926, 1025081, 732725, 708896, 738224, 900445, 1092519, 1139946
     };
     assert(cluster_count < std::size(COSTS));
     // Multiply the table number by two, to account for the fact that they are not absolutes.